Integrated system for ultrasound imaging and therapy

ABSTRACT

Ultrasound imaging and therapy with the same array of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers is provided. The electronics includes a per-pixel switch for each transducer element. The switches provide an imaging mode driven completely by on-chip electronics and a therapy mode where off-chip pulsers provide relatively high voltages to the transducer elements.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/793,280, filed on Jul. 7, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S.provisional patent application 62/021,341, filed on Jul. 7, 2014, thedisclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entireties herein.

GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP

This invention was made with Government support under contract numberR01HL117740-01A1 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. TheGovernment has certain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to combined ultrasound imaging and therapy.

BACKGROUND

Ultrasound is used in medicine for both imaging and therapy. However,conventional ultrasound imaging and therapy approaches tend to requiredifferent systems for imaging and therapy. This can undesirably lead toincreased time in diagnosis and treatment of the patient. Also, aphysician may need to use a “best guess” strategy fortherapy/stimulation of a particular region because of lack of real-timespatial and anatomical information of the region of interest. Therefore,methods of providing both imaging and therapy with the same system havebeen considered.

One example is considered in US 2009/0240148. In this work, the systemincludes both an imaging array and a therapy array integrated to form acomposite array. Thus some parts of the array are dedicated to imagingand other parts of the array are dedicated to therapy.

Another example is considered in US 2014/0288428. In this work, thesystem includes a single transducer array used for both imaging andtherapy, and all corresponding electronics is monolithically integratedwith the transducer array.

SUMMARY

We have found that known approaches for providing both imaging andtherapy in a single ultrasound system have undesirable drawbacks. Incases where a composite imaging array is used, extra complexity may beincurred by having some parts of the array dedicated to imaging andother parts of the array dedicated to therapy. In cases where fullmonolithic integration is employed, the on-chip power dissipation causedby the relatively high-voltage pulsers used for ultrasound therapy canbe excessive.

This work alleviates the above-described drawbacks by providing atransducer configuration where the electronics includes a per-pixelswitch for each transducer element. The switches provide an imaging modedriven completely by on-chip electronics and a therapy mode whereoff-chip pulsers provide relatively high voltages to the transducerelements.

Furthermore, it is important that the transducer elements be capacitivemicromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUTs), as opposed to piezoelectrictransducers. One reason for this is that CMUTs dissipate far less heatin the therapy mode than piezoelectric transducer do. Another importantfactor is the surprising ability of a single CMUT design to work wellfor both imaging and therapy.

Some design considerations relating to CMUT design for both imaging andtherapy follow. Ultrasound imaging has typically used transducers thatoperate in frequency ranges from 5-15 MHz. Two-dimensional CMUT arraysoperating at 5 MHz have been developed to achieve volumetric imaging.The wide bandwidth nature of the transducer (low Q) provides superiorimaging qualities due to better image resolution, when compared toconventional piezoelectric transducers.

However, using the same transducer for therapy has its trade-off—onebeing inferior penetration performance (typical transducers used fortherapeutic application operate at 1 MHz) and the other being the factthat these transducers have a low mechanical Q thigh Q devices aredesirable for therapeutic application). One way to compensate for thelow Q is to use series inductors and tune them to achieve as high a Qpossible. The benefit of doing this is the reduced voltage driverequirements of the pulsers. The drive voltage seen by the transducer isQ times amplified allowing for reduced power dissipation by the drivingcircuit. Such a scheme can make dual-modality of the CMUT system morepractical, where, in one mode, we use the wide bandwidth nature of CMUTsto achieve high resolution imaging, and in the other mode, we use theinductors to tune the front end transducers to achieve high Q, allowingfor a better therapeutic system.

This approach has widespread applications. Any ultrasound applicationthat requites Simultaneous imaging and HIFU (high intensity focusedultrasound)/therapy capabilities can benefit. For example, applicationsinclude ultrasound imaging and neural stimulation.

Significant advantages are provided. At present, ultrasound imaging andtherapy/stimulation usually needs to be done using different devicesleading to increased time in diagnosis and treatment of the patient.Also, physicians may need to use a “best guess” strategy to determinethe treatment location since it does not have real-time spatial andanatomical information of the region of interest. Use of the presentapproach will allow one to remove such uncertainties in the actualregion of interest and improve the speed of diagnosis/treatment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a 2-D array of transducer elements.

FIG. 3 shows one of the transducer elements of the array of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 shows circuitry to perform ultrasonic therapy with the 2-D arrayof transducer elements.

FIG. 5 is a more detailed view of per-pixel circuitry.

FIG. 6 shows a preferred circuit for mode switching.

FIG. 7 shows a pixel switch configured to connect or disconnect itscorresponding transducer element to a selectable one of the off-chippulsers.

FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 shows a further embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This work provides a novel method for integrating ultrasound imaging andtherapy (or ultrasound neuromodulation) using the same ultrasoundtransducer array integrated with electronics. Having the same device forboth purposes can be very beneficial. However, there are challenges inincorporating imaging and continuous-wave (CW) or quasi-CW ultrasoundapplication capabilities in a single integrated chip (such as powerdissipation, and area requirements). This work provides a solution tothese challenges using switches in the integrated circuit that canswitch between an imaging mode (Mode I) and a CW/quasi-CW CW mode (ModeII). The switches enable the use of external off-chip pulsers for ModeII allowing it to outsource the power dissipation to the back-endsystem.

A 2D CMUT array can be integrated with an IC (integrated circuit) thatincludes transceivers for using the integrated chip for imaging. Thetransceivers include transmit beam-formers that are capable of providinga high voltage (HV) pulse and receivers that signal condition thereceive signals from the CMUT array. For Mode I, a single (or veryshort) HV pulse is used (duty cycle of the pulse is miniscule). However,for Mode II, multiple cycles of HV pulsing is desirable, to increase thetime-averaged intensity of the focal spot. This leads to large powerdissipation of the IC chip, if on-chip pulsers are used, since there aremultiple elements pulsing. Therefore, using on-chip pulsers for Mode IIapplications is impractical.

This problem is alleviated by using HV switch(s) in each element, thatcan route the connection of the ultrasound transducer array elementdirectly to an off-chip HV pulser. Though the overall power dissipationstill remains high, the dissipation occurs at the back-end which is notnear the patient. Utilizing these switches allow us to switch a singlesensor array between Mode I and Mode II. Different elements can bepulsed at different phases to provide focusing in Mode II. In oneimplementation, we use 8 off-chip pulsers with equally spaced phases anddistribute the elements amongst these 8 pulsers to enable focusing at agiven Spot. With such a configuration, we can use the same integratedarray for Mode I as well as for Mode II, as and when desired by thephysician when performing a medical procedure.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In this example,a 2-D CMUT array 102 is flip chip bonded (112) to chip 104 that includesimaging electronics and the per-pixel switches. Off-chip pulsers 108provide a high-voltage assembly 106 that is connected to chip 104 viabus 110. Bus 110 has one line for each pulser 108.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the 2-D array of transducer elements 102. Oneof the transducer elements is referenced as 202. FIG. 2 shows a 6×6array of transducers, but any other 2D array dimensions can also beused. The low on-chip power dissipation of the present approach canenable large array sizes (e.g., 32×32 or larger). FIG. 3 showstransducer element 202 in more detail. As indicated above, thetransducer elements are CMUTs. The general configuration for a CMUT isshown here, with 306 being an elastic membrane suspended above asubstrate 302 by one or more support members 304.

FIG. 4 shows circuitry to perform ultrasonic therapy with the 2-D arrayof transducer elements. Here chip 104 is regarded as having cells thatcorrespond to the elements of transducer array 102. Bus 110 is shownbeing available at all cells, and one of these cells is referenced as402. FIG. 5 is a more detailed view of cell 402. Here 502 is a flip chippad that is connected to the corresponding transducer element oftransducer array 102, 504 is the per-pixel switch, 506 is on-chipimaging circuitry, and 508 is an optional inductance in series with theCMUT capacitance that is present in preferred embodiments to provideelectrical resonance in the therapy mode.

Thus an exemplary embodiment of the invention is apparatus forultrasonic imaging and therapy, where the apparatus includes:

1) a 2-D array of transducer elements monolithically integrated on atransducer chip (102), wherein each of the transducer elements is acapacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (FIG. 3);

2) first electronic circuitry (506) configured to perform ultrasonicimaging with the 2-D array of transducer elements, wherein the firstelectronic circuitry is integrated with the transducer chip (e.g.,hybrid integration as on FIGS. 1 and 8, or monolithic integration as onFIG. 9);

3) second electronic circuitry (106) configured to perform ultrasonictherapy with the 2-D array of transducer elements, wherein the secondelectronic circuitry comprises one or more off-chip pulsers (108)disposed remotely from the transducer chip; and

4) mode switching circuitry (504) configured to switch operation of eachof the transducer elements between an ultrasonic imaging mode and anultrasonic therapy mode.

As indicated above, it is preferred that the second electronic circuitryinclude an inductor corresponding to each transducer element configuredsuch that the combination of inductor and transducer element iselectrically resonant at the ultrasound therapy frequency. Thiselectrical resonance helps to compensate for the relatively lowmechanical Q of the CMUT transducer elements. There are several optionsfor the location of the series inductors. The inductors can be locatedinside block 504, e.g., 508 on FIG. 5. Another option is to have anotherdie with just inductor arrays.

FIG. 6 shows a preferred circuit 504 for mode switching, without theoptional inductor 508. Here 602 is the control input to the switch, 604is an input from the corresponding off-chip pulser, and 606 is aconnection to the corresponding CMUT transducer element. In the circuitof FIG. 6, devices D2, Q3, Q1 and Q2 need to be high voltage devices(i.e., capable of handling the voltages provided at input 604 by thepulser), while devices D1 and Q4 can be low voltage devices. The neteffect of this circuit configuration is to allow a drive voltage to beapplied to transistors Q1 and Q2 that is greater than the gate-sourcevoltage of any single transistor in the circuit. This configuration canbe regarded as a first pair of series-connected transistors and a diodehaving an output that drives a second pair of series-connectedtransistors and a reverse-biased diode.

The off-chip pulsers 108 can be configured to provide inputs havingdistinct electrical phase. This can provide beam control for ultrasonictherapy. In some cases each pixel switch is configured to connect ordisconnect its corresponding transducer element to a predetermined oneof the off-chip pulsers. FIG. 5 shows an example of this configuration.The resulting beam forming for therapy is fixed (e.g., focusing in thecenter of the imaging field of view). In other cases, each pixel switchis configured to connect or disconnect its corresponding transducerelement to a selectable one of the off-chip pulsers. FIG. 7 shows anexample of this configuration, where line switch 702 selects the line ofbus 110 that is connected to block 504. The resulting beam forming fortherapy is adjustable. For example, the therapy beam can be brought to afocus at any selected location within the imaging field of view. Asanother example, the therapy beam could be configured to scan within theimaging field of view along any desired path.

Practice of the invention does not depend critically on details of howintegration is performed, provided that the pulsers for the therapy modeare not integrated with the transducer chip. FIG. 1 shows a two-chiphybrid bonded configuration. In the specific example given above, boththe first electronic circuitry (for imaging) and the mode controlcircuitry (for switching) were included in chip 104. Other two-chipconfigurations can be obtained by moving the imaging or switchingcircuitry to be monolithically integrated with transducer chip 102. Inthese cases, chip 104 will have only the switching circuitry or only theimaging circuitry, respectively.

Three-chip configurations are also possible. FIG. 8 shows an example,where a switch chip 802 and an imaging chip 804 are integrated withtransducer array 102. Here it is assumed that mode switching circuitry808 is on the top side of switch chip 802, and that through-chip vias810 are used to connect mode switching circuitry 808 to imaging chip804. Imaging chip 804 is flip chip bonded (806) to switch chip 802.

A final possibility is full monolithic integration of everything exceptthe off-chip pulsers. FIG. 9 shows a example of this approach. Here thefirst electronic circuitry (for imaging), the second electroniccircuitry (except for pulsers 108) and the mode switching circuitry areall monolithically integrated on transducer chip 902.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for ultrasonic imaging andtherapy, the apparatus comprising: an array of transducer elements;imaging circuitry configured to perform ultrasound imaging with thearray of transducer elements in an ultrasonic imaging mode; a pulserconfigured to provide a voltage to a transducer element of the array oftransducer elements in an ultrasound therapy mode; and mode switchingcircuitry connected between the pulser and the transducer element, themode switching circuitry configured to switch operation of thetransducer element between the ultrasonic therapy mode and theultrasonic imaging mode, the mode switching circuitry comprisingtransistors arranged to pass a voltage that is greater than agate-to-source voltage of any one of the transistors.
 2. The apparatusof claim 1, further comprising: one or more additional pulsers, whereinthe pulser and the one or more additional pulsers are included in aplurality of pulsers; and a line switch configured to connect the modeswitching circuitry to a selected one of the pulsers.
 3. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the transistors comprise a first transistor and asecond transistor connected in series with each other, and wherein theswitch comprises a diode connected between a source and a gate of thefirst transistor, the diode also being connected between a source and agate of the second transistor.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theimaging circuitry and the mode switching circuitry are integrated on achip, and wherein the pulser is external to the chip.
 5. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the transducer elements are capacitive micromachinedultrasonic transducers.
 6. An apparatus for ultrasonic imaging andtherapy, the apparatus comprising: an array of transducer elements;imaging circuitry on a chip, the imaging circuitry configured to performultrasound imaging with the array of transducer elements in anultrasonic imaging mode; a pulser located external to the chip such thatheat dissipation associated with the pulser occurs external to the chip;a switch configured to connect the pulser to a transducer element of thearray of transducer elements for an ultrasonic therapy mode and todisconnect the pulser from the transducer of the array of transducersfor an ultrasonic imaging mode; and a line switch configured to connectthe switch to a selected one of a plurality of pulsers, wherein thepulsers comprise the pulser.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, furthercomprising an inductor in series between the switch and the transducerelement, wherein a combination of the inductor and the transducerelement is electrically resonant at an ultrasound therapy frequency ofthe ultrasonic therapy mode.
 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein thearray of transducer elements is arranged on a transducer chip, andwherein the transducer chip is integrated with the chip.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 8, wherein the switch is arranged on a switch chipthat is integrated with the chip.
 10. The apparatus of claim 6, whereinthe switch is integrated on the chip.
 11. The apparatus of claim 6,wherein the array of transducer elements is configured to transmit atherapy beam in the therapy mode, and wherein the apparatus isconfigured such that the therapy beam is adjustable.
 12. The apparatusof claim 6, wherein the array of transducer elements comprises at least32 transducer elements in a first dimension by 32 transducer elements ina second dimension.
 13. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the transducerelements are capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers.
 14. Anapparatus for ultrasonic imaging and therapy, the apparatus comprising:an array of transducer elements; imaging circuitry on a chip, theimaging circuitry configured to perform ultrasound imaging with thearray of transducer elements in an ultrasonic imaging mode; a pulserlocated external to the chip such that heat dissipation associated withthe pulser occurs external to the chip; and a switch configured toconnect the pulser to a transducer element of the array of transducerelements for an ultrasonic therapy mode and to disconnect the pulserfrom the transducer of the array of transducers for an ultrasonicimaging mode, wherein the switch comprises transistors arranged to passa voltage from the pulser that is greater than a gate-to-source voltageof any one of the transistors.
 15. An apparatus for ultrasonic imagingand therapy, the apparatus comprising: an array of transducer elements;imaging circuitry on a chip, the imaging circuitry configured to performultrasound imaging with the array of transducer elements in anultrasonic imaging mode; a pulser located external to the chip such thatheat dissipation associated with the pulser occurs external to the chip;and a switch configured to connect the pulser to a transducer element ofthe array of transducer elements for an ultrasonic therapy mode and todisconnect the pulser from the transducer of the array of transducersfor an ultrasonic imaging mode, wherein the transistors comprise a firsttransistor and a second transistor connected in series with each other,and wherein the switch comprises a diode connected between a source anda gate of the first transistor, the diode also being connected between asource and a gate of the second transistor.
 16. The apparatus of claim15, further comprising a line switch configured to connect the switch toa selected one of a plurality of pulsers, wherein the pulsers comprisethe pulser.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the array oftransducer elements is configured to transmit a therapy beam in thetherapy mode, and wherein the apparatus is configured such that thetherapy beam is adjustable.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15, furthercomprising additional switches, wherein the switch and the additionalswitches are included in a plurality of switches, and wherein each ofthe transducer elements is connected to one switch of the plurality ofswitches.
 19. A method of performing ultrasonic imaging and therapy withan array of ultrasonic transducers, the method comprising: connecting apulser to a selected ultrasonic transducer of the array of ultrasonictransducers for performing ultrasonic therapy; while the pulser isconnected to the selected ultrasonic transducer of the array ofultrasonic transducers, applying a voltage from the pulser to theselected ultrasonic transducer of the array of ultrasonic transducersusing a switch, wherein the switch comprises transistors, and whereinthe voltage is greater than a gate-to-source voltage of any one of thetransistors; disconnecting the selected ultrasonic transducer of thearray of ultrasonic transducers from the pulser; and while the selectedultrasonic transducer of the array of ultrasonic transducers isdisconnected from the pulser, performing ultrasonic imaging with animaging circuit and the array of ultrasonic transducers.
 20. The methodof claim 19, further comprising adjusting a therapy beam transmittedfrom the array of ultrasonic transducers for performing ultrasonictherapy.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the therapy beam is focusedat a selected location.
 22. The method of claim 19, further comprisingconnecting the selected ultrasonic transducer of the array of ultrasonictransducers to another pulser using the switch and a line switch,wherein the line switch is configured to connect the switch to aselected one of a plurality of pulsers, and wherein the plurality ofpulsers comprises the pulser and the other pulser.